The computer hard drive is a very sensitive component. Errors in its file system, broken sectors on the surface, mechanical problems sometimes cause a complete failure of the computer system.

The same problems are typical for flash drives, which in their essence are practically no different from a hard drive. How to determine the presence of errors and bad sectors and how to fix them, if possible?

A little bit of theory

Many people simply confuse file system errors and bad sectors. Therefore, we will try to explain the difference between these phenomena and the reason for their occurrence. Also, we will determine what the symptoms of manifestations of errors that have appeared on the surface of the hard drive may turn out to be.

Filesystem errors

When people talk about hard disk errors and trying to fix them using the chkdsk utility built into Windows, they usually mean file system errors. Such errors are associated with metadata problems describing the file system itself: errors in the $ Bitmap, $ BadClus files, the main file table, various indexes.

For example, errors in the NTFS $ Bitmap file can cause the system to misrecognize the amount of free space on a volume. And problems with the $ BadClus file can lead to incorrect identification of bad sectors and an attempt to write data to such sectors, which will cause the computer to freeze completely.

Broken sectors

The nature of the broken sectors is somewhat different. The hard disk is “sliced” into sectors at the factory during production. It is then that its logical structure is created, then it receives magnetic properties for recording data. These structures become faulty as a result of the gradual degradation of areas of the hard surface, which become so due to careless handling of the hard drive, which accidentally fell to the floor or was hit on the case even with an ordinary screwdriver.

Testing programs that fall on parts of the degrading surface detect the so-called bad or bad sectors - bad sectors. Sectors that have lost their magnetic properties do not allow reading and writing data to them. It is possible to eliminate the faulty structures of the hard drive. For this, manufacturers create special reserve areas of sectors. When a bad sector appears, diagnosed by specific address, its address is reassigned to a sector from this spare area.

Symptoms of errors and bad sectors

We have already described a little about the symptoms of file system errors above. However, the symptoms are sometimes very varied. Here are some manifestations of errors and bad sectors that have arisen in the hard drive.

Noticeable freezing of the operating system when performing read and write operations.
Failure to load the operating system. For example, the download continues only until the download notification and the Windows logo appear.
Frequent occurrence of errors in the operation of the operating environment.
Extremely slow and unproductive operation of the operating system.

Here is a far from complete list of error manifestations associated with file system problems and the presence of degrading areas of the hard disk. What to do in such cases?

Checking errors using Windows

Checking and fixing file system errors in Windows is carried out standard utility this operating environment called chkdsk. It can also be useful for troubleshooting bad sectors caused by viruses. It can be run both in a graphical environment and from command line... Let's consider the most accessible option for its implementation in a graphical environment.

Checking an inactive volume

Checking an inactive volume is the most straightforward. It can be executed entirely in graphical mode. An inactive volume is a partition that does not have a current operating system installed. This can be a connected hard drive or, for example, drive D.

Press the button "Check".

The utility is launched from the "Service" tab of the volume properties. In this tab there is a button "Perform check". If you click it, the chkdsk utility window will open. To check for bad sectors that appeared as a result of software errors, check the box next to the corresponding option. Then, just click the "Run" button - the utility will check and correct errors.

The chkdsk utility checks volume D, diagnosing bad sectors as well.

Checking the system volume

Checking and correcting errors on the system volume, where the operating environment in effect at the time of the check is located, is carried out slightly differently. The utility detects such a volume as connected, and therefore warns that it cannot perform a check, but offers to perform it on the next reboot.

The chkdsk utility reports that it cannot check the disk.

After restarting the computer, the user will find that during boot, after the Windows logo appears, a black screen appears. This black screen gradually fills with lines of text. This is the chkdsk utility that checks the system volume of the hard drive. After checking and the necessary corrections, it will demonstrate the result, and then the operating system will continue to boot.

Chkdsk checks volume C after reboot.

Programs for checking the hard disk for bad sectors

There are a number of applications in the software market that can test the surface of a hard drive. In this case, not one volume is tested, but the entire surface of the hard drive. Of course, the user can independently set the boundary sectors and test individual areas. To identify bad sectors, a sector read test is usually performed.

Important: the test results for the presence of bad sectors should be considered in conjunction with SMART indicators, such as Reallocation Sector Count, Reallocation Event Count.

Data Lifeguard Diagnostic

This utility was created by the developers of the Western Digital company. It is available for download on the official website of the company. Lifeguard Diagnostic works great with hard drives from almost any manufacturer, and not just hard drives that are native to WD, as one might think. It offers a number of tests: Fast, Advanced, as well as the ability to fill with zero sectors of the hard drive.

Data Lifeguard Diagnostic utility interface.

We are most interested in the extended test. This test allows you to detect bad sectors on the surface of the disks. When the program finds a bad sector, it informs the user about it, prompting him to choose whether he wants to fix the detected error. If he agrees, then the application writes to sector 0, so the sector data will be lost.

A selection of utility tests. We need an Extended Test.

The duration of this test is longer than the quick test. The test time depends on the size of the drive, since the test is carried out by sweating the entire surface, starting from sector 0 and ending with the maximum LBA value.

Extended Test utilities in operation.

HDDScan

The HDDScan application is also an excellent tester of the hard drive surface. It can often be seen in whole software packages such as LiveCD. This application has a graphical interface and offers a number of tests, among which in our case the most interesting is "Surface Tests".

Select the Surface Test from the dropdown list.

Important: when conducting surface tests from under Windows, you must close all running programs to avoid random results during the test, initiated by the action of these programs.

After selecting a test, an additional window will open, which presents the test parameters. Leave the "Read" option enabled, which will only allow reading data from the sectors. So, we will define sectors from which it is impossible to read information for a set time (bad sectors), hover sectors and normal cells. Leave the fields of the starting and ending sectors unchanged if we want to check the entire surface.

Leave the Read test option enabled.

When testing this program, a number of sectors are identified:

bad sectors,
hover sectors, from which it takes more than 500 ms to read data,
sectors with read time from 150 to 500 ms,
sectors with reading time from 50 to 150 ms,
sectors with reading time from 10 to 20 ms,
HDDScan considers normal sectors, the data of which is read in 5 ms.

The test result of the program is available in the form of a line graph, a map of the distribution of sectors, and also in the form of a regular text report.

Checking the surface of the hard drive.

Ashampoo HDD Control

Unlike the programs discussed above, HDD Control is not a free program. This application is a whole set of tools designed to restore the health of your hard drive. This program also offers the ability to test the surface of the hard drive.

Let's select the "Surface Testing" option.

The test is very simple and accessible to an ordinary user of HDD Control. To start it, you just need to press the "Surface Testing" button. It lacks additional options that would allow you to customize the type of test. During testing, only two types of sectors are detected: with an excellent read result and bad sectors.

Victoria HDD

Victoria considers the health of the tested hard drive "GOOD".

This application is able to collect information about the SMART health of the hard drive. Also, it allows you to test the disk surface, reassign bad sectors with the Remap operation, and reset bad sectors. It also subdivides sectors into groups:

bad sectors (Error),
hover sectors with read time more than 600 ms,
hover sectors with read time from 200 to 600 ms,
sectors with reading time from 50 to 200 ms,
sectors with read time from 20 to 50 ms,
Victoria diagnoses normal sectors within the framework of data reading up to 5 ms.

To test the hard drive, you can run this program in Windows graphics mode. Next, you need to select the "Tests" tab. This is where the surface tests are located. There are four options for working with a hard surface:

Ignore,
Remap,
Erase,
Restore.

First of all, you can carry out the Ignore test to determine if there are bad sectors on the surface of the hard drive. If they are, then you need to proceed with the Remap test. This test will allow you to reassign the addresses of the bad sectors to the reserved area where the normal sectors are located.

Types of tests available and categories of sectors. Victoria checks the surface.

If, after the Remap test, Victoria continues to diagnose bad sectors, then you can still try to restore their performance by applying the Restore test. The Erase option should be used wisely from under Windows, as it writes zeros to sectors - it erases sector data. It can be used only within a selection of sectors, the data of which is not related to the operating system.

Short summary

It should be noted that there is a difference between the errors corrected by the operating system chkdsk utility. Windows systems and bad sectors eliminated by programs such as Victoria HDD. The former are caused by problems with the file system, while the latter are often the result of the loss of magnetic properties by the sectors of the hard disk surface and its gradual degradation. However, chkdsk can also fix some bad sector problems.

To eliminate bad sectors, you can use such applications as: Data Lifeguard Diagnostic, Ashampoo HDD Control, HDDScan, Victoria. Let's single out the Victoria HDD application as the best for checking and eliminating bad sectors, since it offers a number of tests: Ignore, Remap, Erase and Restore. It allows not only to detect faulty structures of the hard surface, but also to cure the HDD.

HDD(Railway, HDD, hard drive) - one of the most unreliable components of a computer. It can easily be "killed" by a voltage surge or excessively large voltage ripples on the +12 V line (this is the fault of low-quality power supplies). The drive and vibrations are slowly incapacitated if it is not rigidly fixed in the case. Turning the disc during operation can cause the spindle head to move and, as a result, break the disc. Such fragility of the hard drive is due to its internal design.

In addition, like any product, the hard drive has a certain service life. Modern models have a service life of 5 years or more (depending on the build quality and components). In case of hardware problems, hard drive recovery is often impossible, or possible, but for a short time, which will help to delay the purchase of a new device a little.

Hard disk software problems also cause inconvenience to the user and can lead to the loss of important data, but they are not so dangerous for the device itself. Restoring a hard disk in this case guarantees its long and stable operation if the hard disk has no hardware problems. How to recover HDD? Through the use of specialized software! This process is quite simple and can even be done by a layman at home.

Hard drive recovery software

Before starting hard drive recovery, you need to install the following software:

Victoria HDD 4.47... A reliable and time-tested, but outdated tool that has not received updates for a long time. First of all, it is suitable for diagnosing a hard drive, recovery does not work well, it cannot recover some hard drives;
HDD Regenerator... Basic working tool for HDD recovery. It helps in most cases, but it is paid (however, there are activators for it);
(optional) AOMEI Partition Assistant Standard Edition 7.0... To recover those hard drives that have hardware problems.

The smallest organizational unit of the main memory of the hard disk drive available to the user is the sector. The sector size of modern drives is 4-8 kB. Their number is measured in hundreds of millions and even billions. Each hard drive has a certain number of "spare" sectors (~ 10% of the volume). In case of faults in the “main” sectors, the hard disk marks one of the “spare” sectors with the number of the sector that is faulty and the hard disk continues its normal operation. The hard drive does all these actions on its own, without user intervention. However, various errors may appear in the operation of this system, and then it is necessary to do a manual recovery of the hard disk.

Step-by-step hard drive recovery: instruction

Let's figure out how to recover a hard drive. This requires the following actions:

Run Victoria HDD;
Select the drive you want to check in the list on the top right
Go to the “Tests” tab, then click on “Start”. All parameters should be by default, as in the screenshot:
Wait until the end of the diagnosis. This takes quite a long time, depending on the speed of the hard disk, the number of "bad" and "slow" sectors. At the end, the program will show the number of “broken” sectors of the hard disk drive. If none are found, then your hard drive is “healthy”. You can try to restore the “broken” sectors in Victoria by selecting the “Remap” check script (see screenshot), but it is better to go directly to the HDD Regenerator;
Launch HDD Regenerator. After activating the key or hacking the program, the following picture will appear:
Click on the "Recovery" menu and select the "Start processing from under Windows" item:
Select the hard drive to be restored and press “start process”:
Enter “2” and press Enter:
Now enter “1” by selecting scanning and restoring sectors of the hard disk, then press Enter:
To check all sectors of the hard disk, enter “1” and press the Enter key again. If you need to reduce the recovery time, you must enter “3”, press Enter, enter the number of the initial (usually the number of the first “broken” sector detected by Victoria) and the end sector (the number of the last “broken” sector detected by Victoria). However, it is better to check the entire hard drive to be absolutely sure that there are no bad sectors:
Wait until the end of the check and recovery of the hard disk. If everything is fine, then the program will write about how many “bad” sectors were found, restored and replaced:

When HDD recovery fails

In some cases, only the DOS version of HDD Regenerator can recover the hard drive. If it was not possible to restore the hard drive with using Windows version of the program, you should try to do it from under DOS.

If the hard disk has run out of spare sectors, and the detected “bad” sectors cannot be “treated” by software, then the hard disk cannot be restored.

The problem of how to recover a hard drive that has hardware problems and cannot be restored by the above software recovery is relevant for many users. In this case, you will have to "cut" the disk space, cutting off the "bad" sectors in AOMEI Partition Assistant... Several such divisions may be needed, areas with "broken" sectors can be hidden in the same program so that files are not written there by mistake. This "rebuilding" of the hard drive will only help in the short term. As a result, the HDD will be divided into n number of partitions, some of which (with defective clusters) will be marked as hidden.

For those who are poorly familiar with a computer and do not know what DOS is, it is better not to repeat everything that will be described in this article, since here we will talk about how to restore damaged HDD sectors.

And so you found out that you constantly have a disk check at boot, or the hard drive began to slow down a lot. You are talking about scanning with some utility in read mode (read) or any program from this article. Thus, you made sure that you have slow sectors that respond longer than 500 ms, or BAD sectors, then this article is for you.

How to fix broken sectors

If your disk periodically disappears or does not see each other at all, then this is already a problem with the controller, cable (loop) or power supply, but we will talk about bad sectors and very slowly read cells, in general about hard disk software errors ...

So you found (HDD checker program) that you have slow sectors on your hard disk (usually red or brown). The decision to apply low-level formatting (Erase), we do it with the program MHDD and just, forget the programs that work from under windows, they will not help you like HDDscan and Victoria.

Attention!!! All the operations described below can lead to partial or complete deletion of information on your hard disk drive (HDD).

So we boot from the boot disk where this MHDD program is, these are the collections of STEA Live, Hiren boot cd, or make your own boot disk or USB flash drive.

Stage 1. Getting rid of slow (red) sectors

Launch MHDD, type the command Erase, the list of all commands can be viewed by the F1 command, the program will ask you to specify the scan range, do not change anything, press Enter by default, wait. If the red sectors remain, then you will have to run the command Erase waits

Stage 2. Getting rid of bad sectors

We launch MHDD, type the Remap command, and the program will automatically scan the hard disk and replace bad sectors with spare ones, I do not recommend running this program with a large number of red and bad sectors in the hard disk partitions.

You can also clean the HDD from bad sectors manually, while not the entire hard drive, but partially along the range of addresses.

We execute the command SCAN, as soon as the BAD sector appears, we remember its number, stop the ESC process, run the command Erase and we indicate the range in this case, if there is one bad sector, then its number and the next, that is, we add one, then we run the command again Scan and we look at the appearance of new broken sectors, we repeat the procedure.

The video shows the whole process well:

If scanning takes a very long time for you, then no program will help you. And you will have to buy a new hard drive already.

P.S .: I am attaching a link to a video showing the operation of the MHDD program for general information

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18 comments to write How to recover damaged bad (BAD) sectors of HDD

Well, you give a hint. booted from MHDD wrote how you have it in the first paragraph of Erase and erased all Windows did not help even restore through the archive right now I put on a new Windows.

Dear yura200, if you would carefully read the article, then it says that Erase- this is low-level formatting, well, I hope the word formatting, do you understand what it does?)

So what for to write the first point, write erase well that after installing Windows it could roll back right now all the way. The most interesting thing is that I wanted to start this business from disk D and there are family vidyashka pictures that would have grabbed grief, but it's good that MHDD did not see disk D and only formatted the C disk. I push here so that others do not rub the whole screw. And where in what place in the text do you say that Erase is formatting? When I used Mhdd, I used erase when grouting block troubles. Correct the text.

yura200, I am very sorry that you have experienced such difficulties, but all that you do is your personal desire. In the text, the third paragraph:

So you found (HDD checker program) that you have slow sectors on your hard disk (usually red or brown). Decision to apply low-level formatting (Erase)

P.S .: And for interest you can look at the translation, it also says a lot erase- erase, delete (from memory).

Good afternoon.

Can you tell me how to make the program work on a laptop? Neither MHDD nor Victoria can see my hard drive.

Danila Are you sure you have an HDD in your laptop? and not SSD, because with the second disks, the MHDD and Victoria programs do not work.

Dear! If you see orange or red on your disk during the test, or even an X in a square, then do not torment him, he is finished. These people are just trying to somehow support them with a stroke, and then you see what they then become, and the pieces of iron, after you have thrown off the pictures, are one way to a well-deserved rest. And don't listen to or read the recovery bullshit.

Indeed, on the ASUS X552EA laptop, the MHDD program does not see a 500 GB WD HDD (not an SSD, and not a hybrid, normal one).

I played with the BIOS - this way and that ... alas, the MHDD program opens from the bootable USB flash drive, but does not see the disk, no matter how hard I tried.

It is necessary to set the HDD operation mode SATA Standart IDE INSTEAD OF SATA AHCI

I want to check and fix the bad sectors in dos (I checked it in winows before with Victoria) But I can't switch from AHCI to IDE in BIOS, there is nothing similar. Hp laptop (they wrote that they removed this function) How can you help?

Put this hard drive in the system unit and run it there and, if necessary, configure the BIOS.

Respect and respect to the author! The user does not have the funds for a new hard drive, and the system engineer is vital ..., so I found along the above trajectory that, in addition to the first 42 gigs of crosses, there are two more thirds of the working space .., and the person is grateful!

Thanks a lot for the article!

It was necessary to restore the functionality of the old disk. I scanned its state with the MHDD program (found it on an old CD-reanimator), found several dozen "red" sectors, but did not know that the ERASE command was exactly what I needed. I thought it was a simple erasure of information.

Now, after processing the disk with ERASE, I scanned it again. Result - not a single BED!

The question is if there are bads in the first 4 gigs and the last 4 gigs, and there are 2047 of them, is there any reason to strain to recover?

Andrey unless you need to pop the leftover data from the hard drive, but I wouldn't use such a drive in the future.

Is 653 bads really bad? Erase won't help?

Max yes this is really bad

Hello bortvlad. Is it worth bothering with the treatment of bad? Windows so monitors and corrects cells as much as it can. And it will not write down the info in the bed. The loss of speed is negligible. And replacing cells from the spare area changes the desired table, which, in my opinion, will only speed up the death of the HDD. If it's really a very tight low-level formatting and use the disk for archiving movies, games .... What can you say about this software: Low Lewel Format Tool?

14.10.2018

Recovery of bad sectors of the hard drive. How to recover bad sectors on hard drives

It does not force developers to think over data storage to the smallest detail. However, in the actual operation of the device, all their tricks do not help.

Why sectors are deteriorating

The principle of operation of a mechanical hard drive is very simple. There are several round magnetic plates. Reading heads "run" over them and look for the necessary information. When the mechanism of a hard drive is subjected to vibration or sharp shocks, microscopic scratches can occur on the surface of the drive. This results in sector corruption and loss of data - programs, books, music or movies.

No matter how carefully you operate your PC, bad sectors may still appear on the hard disk.

If the hard drive has worked for several years, its tightness may be broken. Any speck of dust trapped inside is a potential cause of bad sectors.

Add to this power surges, sudden shutdowns of the PC and simply mishandling the computer, and there will be many more reasons for damage to information.

Is there a way out

If bad sectors appear, there is no need to immediately panic and urgently change the hardware. There are ways to either mark problem areas so that in the future they do not create problems. Or fix the damage with some special programs.

When bad sectors appear, there are two ways - use the system's own program or a third-party one.

The simplest thing you can do is run a surface scan of the discs. To do this, right-click on the failed logical partition, select "Properties", then the "Service" tab and "Run check" by ticking the "Check and repair bad sectors" checkbox. The system will scan the disk, find errors and either return the sectors to a working state, or mark them as bad so that the reading heads bypass them and do not create "brakes" in their work.

For more "advanced" users, we can recommend the HDD-Regenerator program. It works at the physical level and helps to cope with the problem where the standard disk checker program is useless. The regenerator does deep work and in most cases returns the sectors to their normal state. You will not lose data and significantly increase the lifespan of your hard drive.

There are many other programs, even those that only real "hackers" or experienced users can understand. However, in most cases, those two products described above are sufficient. They are time-tested and have helped in many difficult cases.

What are bad sectors or bad blocks?

Bad sectors of a hard disk are sectors that, when trying to read, for various reasons, errors occur, for example, due to a malfunction of the magnetic head unit, errors during writing (inconsistency of data and CRC checksum), surface microdamage, damage to the internal firmware of the hard disk (P and G sheets, defect sheets) and others. When bad blocks appear on the hard disk, the disk slows down or does not even open.

Access to data on such a disk is possible when connected to a specialized software and hardware complex (DATARC uses PC-3000 Data Extractor Express complexes). This toolkit allows you to accurately (to prevent the emergence of new bad blocks) to read the undamaged areas, and then performs multiple reads of problem areas. In some cases, it is required to recreate disk defect lists or even replace the magnetic head unit.

How bad blocks appear

Possible symptoms:

any files or folders have ceased to be read;
some of the data is not displayed;
- does not open, requires formatting;
the disk “slows down”, “freezes”, it takes a long time to be detected in the BIOS, or does not work at all.

As a rule, the user notices alarming symptoms when there are already a lot of bad blocks on the disk. To identify the problem at an early stage is possible only with the help of diagnostic programs, for example, Victoria, but the average user doesn't use them.

The state of a disk with bad sectors deteriorates if you continue to work with it with standard software. The number of bad blocks will increase, and repeated unsuccessful read attempts made by such a disk, as a rule, lead to the failure of the magnetic head unit.

To work with “bad” disks, which are considered physically faulty devices, our specialists use the latest PC-3000Express + DataExtractor software and hardware systems.

With their help, you can get access to the contents of the disk, which cannot be operated with standard software tools. Special tools allow you to subtract the contents of the entire disk space not damaged by bad sectors, and then start improving the quality of recovery. To do this, in a special mode, multiple attempts are made to read data from bad blocks, most of them are successful.

Thus, data on a disk with unreadable bad sectors can be recovered either completely or with minimal loss.

What is the difficulty of working with bad blocks

When performing such work, the most valuable resource is the time for which the channel of expensive equipment will be occupied. Unreadable sectors on a disk are one of the problems that take a long time to get a good result.

We guarantee the shortest possible terms of work, relying on the high level of professionalism of our specialists. This is achieved by choosing the optimal data recovery methods and modes for each specific case. Continuous investments in the purchase of new equipment and an increase in bandwidth laboratories.

Combined problems

The most common concomitant diagnosis for disks with unreadable sectors is destruction of logical structure... Non-opening partitions, absence of folders or files (the main symptoms of the problem) are a consequence of the fact that, partially falling into bad sectors, the file system is damaged. In such cases, with a sector-by-sector image obtained using hardware and software complex, there is still work to be done, as with a disk with logical destruction. That is, specialists carry out further restoration using special programs.

Logical destruction of the file system caused by unreadable sectors or bad blocks should in no case be corrected by procedures such as CheckDisk or fsck... They will only worsen the situation and complicate the further work of professionals.

Unreadable sector hard drive recovery specialists

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Recovering bad HDD sectors is a task for specialists. First, the disk is tested for system errors. Depending on the reasons for their occurrence, recovery of hard disk sectors can be carried out in two directions - in case of impossibility to read the data due to inconsistency in the information and the amount at the end of the sector and in case of physical damage to the sectors.

In the first case, it is necessary to write down new checksums. In the second case, you will need to enter a new physical address in the spare area, the logical address will remain the same. This option of recovering bad sectors of the HDD leads to a decrease in the speed of reading files, which is associated with the movement of the magnetic heads to the reserve area. Such a fix is recommended when there are a small number of bad sectors that have to be redirected.

Recovering a damaged HDD is often a long and painstaking job that can bring back to life seemingly lost data forever.

In order to save time and get a positive result, it is recommended to restore HDD sectors of a hard disk only with special knowledge, skills and sufficient software and hardware tools.

FAQ - popular questions on broken sectors

Still have questions?

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A hard drive is a tiny piece of disk space that crashes while running. Such a sector does not respond to read or write requests.

Bad sectors can occur both on traditional magnetic hard drives and modern solid-state SSD drives. There are two types of bad sectors - some are caused by physical damage to the disk and cannot be fixed, others are caused by software errors and can be fixed.

Types of bad sectors

There are two types of bad sectors. They are often called "Physical" or "brain teaser" broken sectors.

Physical bad sectors are hard disk space that is physically damaged. The head of the hard drive could come in contact with the moving plate and damage it, or moisture or dust could get into the drive and clog it. In the case of SSD disks, bad sectors can occur as a result of wear or overheating of microcircuits, moisture. Broken sectors of this type cannot be repaired.

Logical bad sectors are hard disk space that is not working properly. The operating system, trying to read data from such a bad sector, receives an adjustment error code that does not match the contents of the sector. This means that something went wrong. Such sectors are marked as damaged and Windows more does not use them to store information. However, such areas can be restored by overwriting the disk with zeros (the so-called low-level formatting). The Windows built-in disk check utility can also fix bad sectors.

Reasons for the appearance of physical bad sectors

Your hard drive may have bad sectors straight from the factory, especially for cheap Chinese-made models. Modern equipment manufacturers are not perfect, so there is an error in everything. This is why SSDs often ship with multiple bad blocks. These blocks are marked as defective and the data is moved to additional memory locations in the solid state drive.

In solid state drives, bad sectors appear naturally as a result of a large number of write attempts. The contents of such sectors are moved to additional memory cells of the SSD until the memory is exhausted. After that, with the appearance of new failures, the storage capacity begins to decrease.

In traditional magnetic hard drives, bad sectors are often the result of physical damage. Hard disks can have manufacturing errors, the moving parts of the disk are subject to normal wear and tear, the disk can be dropped, causing the head to scratch the magnetic pancakes, dust and moisture can enter the inside of the disk and damage the disk.

Reasons for the appearance of software (logical) bad sectors

Bad logical sectors appear as a result of software errors. For example, if the power supply is turned off or the power cable is disconnected while writing to the hard disk of the computer, the writing of data to the sector is interrupted in the middle of the operation. In most cases, this results in data sectors that do not pass the data write check. Such sectors are marked as bad. Viruses and other malicious software can also cause system errors and bad sectors.

Data loss due to hard drive error

In reality, bad sectors lead to a frightening fact - even if your hard drive continues to function properly, your data can be seriously damaged, which will lead to the loss of important information. Whether it's work documents or family photos, all the data stored on your computer is valuable to us. This is another reason why you should always back up your data. Only the presence of several backups on different storage media can protect you from data loss as a result of bad sectors or other disk failures.

When the computer detects a bad sector, it ignores it in further work. The data that was in this sector will be moved, so the system will not read and write this sector. Modern hard drives support S.M.A.R.T. and keep track of the number of displaced sectors. The variable for accounting is called “Reallocated Sectors”, its value can be viewed in the free utility CrystalDiskInfo. It is possible that the contents of a broken sector cannot be read and moved. This will damage the file and you will no longer be able to open it.

Several bad sectors are not an indicator that the hard drive is about to fail. However, if the counter of bad sectors of the disk regularly increases and the computer warns about this with the S.M.A.R.T. you should replace your drive as soon as possible.

How to check and fix bad sectors

Windows has a built-in Check Disk utility (also known as chkdsk). The program checks your hard disk for bad sectors, marking sectors with physical damage as bad, and fixes sectors with logical errors making them available for further use.

If Windows thinks that there is a problem on the hard disk associated with bad sectors, the Shkdsk utility will be launched automatically at system startup. But you can also run this utility manually at any time.

Other operating systems, including Linux and OS X, also have their own built-in disk utilities for detecting bad sectors.

Bad sectors are the harsh reality of hard drives and don't panic when you encounter them. However, you should always back up important files in case of a sharp increase in the number of bad sectors. It should be remembered that the presence of a large number of bad sectors signals the imminent failure of the hard disk.

I recently got a broken external hard drive ... Well, how did you get it? I bought it myself on the cheap.

The disk is like a disk: an iron box, inside - a USB2SATA controller and a 1TB Samsung laptop disk. ... According to the seller's description, it turned out that it was the USB controller that was buggy. At first, they say, he writes and reads well, and then gradually begins to slow down and generally falls off. The phenomenon for external drives without additional power supply is quite frequent, so I, of course, believed him. Well, what - it's cheap.

So, I happily disassemble the box, take out the disk from there and plug it into the adapter, time-tested and adversity. The disk turned on, wound up, identified, and even mounted in Linux. The NTFS file system and a dozen films were found on the disk. No, not about erotic adventures, but quite the opposite: all sorts of "Leviathans". It would seem - hurray! But no, everything was just beginning.

Viewing SMART "and showed a disappointing picture: the Raw Read Error Rate attribute dropped to one (at a threshold of 51), which means only one thing: the disk has something very, very wrong with reading from platters. The rest of the attributes, however, were within reason, but it didn't make it any easier.

An attempt to format the disk produced the expected result: a write error. It was possible, of course, to compile a list of bad sectors with the standard utility badblocks, and then slip this list when creating a file system. But I rejected this idea as impractical: it would take too long to wait for the result. And, as it turned out later, the compiled list of sectors would be useless: in the damaged areas, sectors are read unstably, so what is read once may generate a read error the next time.

Having played enough with all sorts of utilities, I found out the following details:

There are many bad sectors, but they are not located randomly throughout the disk, but in dense groups. There are quite large areas between these groups where reading and writing goes without any problems.
An attempt to fix a bad sector by rewriting (so that the controller replaces it with a reserve one) does not work. Sometimes after this the sector is read, sometimes not. Moreover, sometimes an attempt to write to a bad sector leads to the fact that the disk "falls off" from the system for a few seconds (apparently, the controller of the disk itself is reset). When reading, there are no resets, but it takes half a second, or even more, to try to read a broken sector.
Broken areas are pretty stable. So, the very first of them starts in the region of 45 gigabytes from the beginning of the disk, and stretches quite far (how far, it was not possible to find out exactly how quickly). Through trial and error, I also managed to find the beginning of the second such area somewhere in the middle of the disc.

Immediately a thought arose: what if we split the disk into two or three partitions in such a way that the “broken fields” remained between them? Then the disk can be used for storing something not very valuable ("watch movies", for example). Naturally, for this, you first need to find out the boundaries of the "good" and "broken" areas.

No sooner said than done. A utility was written on my knee that reads from the disk until a bad sector is found. After that, the utility marked an entire area of a given length as faulty (in its nameplate, of course). Then the marked area was skipped (why should I check it - it was already marked as bad) and the utility read the sectors further. After a couple of experiments, it was decided to mark the bad area of 10 megabytes: this is already enough for the utility to work quickly, but also small enough for the loss of disk space to become too large.

For clarity, the result of the work was recorded in the form of a picture: white dots - good sectors, red - bad sectors, gray - bad areas around bad sectors. After almost a day of work, a list of broken areas and a visual picture of their location were ready.

Here it is, this picture:

Interesting, isn't it? The damaged areas turned out to be much more than I imagined, but the undamaged areas clearly make up more than half of the disk space. Losing so much space seems to be a pity, but I don't want to fence a dozen small partitions either.

But we have long been the 21st century, the time of new technologies and disk arrays! This means that you can glue one disk array from these small partitions, create a file system on it and not know grief.

A mega-team was drawn up from the map of the broken areas to create partitions. I used GPT so as not to worry about which of them should be primary and which should be extended:

# parted -s -a none / dev / sdc unit s mkpart 1 20480 86466560 mkpart 2 102686720 134410240 mkpart 3 151347200 218193920 mkpart 4 235274240 285306880 mkpart 5 302489600 401612800 mkpart 6 418078720 449617920 mkpart 57078720 449617920 mkpart 5 74878720 449617920 mkpart 5 74878720 449617620 mkpart 10 687595520 824811520 mkpart 11 840089600 900280320 mkpart 12 915640320 976035840 mkpart 13 991354880 1078026240 mkpart 14 1092689920 1190871040 mkpart 15 1205288960 1353093120 mkpart 16 1366794240 1419919360 mkpart 17 1433600000 1485148160 mkpart 18 1497927680 1585192960 mkpart 19 1597624320 1620684800 mkpart 20 1632808960 1757368320 mkpart 21 1768263680 1790054400 mkpart 22 1800908800 1862307840 mkpart 23 1872199680 1927905280 mkpart 24 1937203200 1953504688

The team worked for quite a long time (several minutes). In total, we got 24 (!) Partitions, each of its own size.

Partitions

# parted / dev / sdc print Model: SAMSUNG HM100UI (scsi) Disk / dev / sdc: 1000GB Sector size (logical / physical): 512B / 512B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 10.5MB 44.3GB 44.3 GB 1 2 52.6GB 68.8GB 16.2GB 2 3 77.5GB 112GB 34.2GB 3 4 120GB 146GB 25.6GB 4 5 155GB 206GB 50.8GB 5 6 214GB 230GB 16.1GB 6 7 239GB 256GB 17.2GB 7 8 264GB 281GB 16.8GB 8 9 289GB 344GB 54.5GB 9 10 352GB 422GB 70.3GB 10 11 430GB 461GB 30.8GB 11 12 469GB 500GB 30.9GB 12 13 508GB 552GB 44.4GB 13 14 559GB 610GB 50.3GB 14 15 617GB 693GB 75.7GB 15 16 700GB 727GB 27.2GB 16 17 734GB 760GB 26.4GB 17 18 767GB 812GB 44.7GB 18 19 818GB 830GB 11.8GB 19 20 836GB 900GB 63.8GB 20 21 905GB 917GB 11.2GB 21 22 922GB 954GB 31.4GB 22 23 959GB 987GB 28.5GB 23 24 992GB 1000GB 8346MB 24

The next step is to mold them into a single disk. The perfectionist inside me was telling me that the most correct thing would be to muddy up some kind of RAID6 array that is resistant to failures. The practitioner objected that there would be nothing to replace the partition that had fallen into the astral plane, so the usual JBOD would do too - why waste space? The practitioner won:

# mdadm --create / dev / md0 --chunk = 16 --level = linear --raid-devices = 24 / dev / sdc1 / dev / sdc2 / dev / sdc3 / dev / sdc4 / dev / sdc5 / dev / sdc6 / dev / sdc7 / dev / sdc8 / dev / sdc9 / dev / sdc10 / dev / sdc11 / dev / sdc12 / dev / sdc13 / dev / sdc14 / dev / sdc15 / dev / sdc16 / dev / sdc17 / dev / sdc18 / dev / sdc19 / dev / sdc20 / dev / sdc21 / dev / sdc22 / dev / sdc23 / dev / sdc24
So that is all. It remains to create a file system and mount the revived disk:

# mkfs.ext2 -m 0 / dev / md0 # mount / dev / md0 / mnt / ext
The disk turned out to be quite capacious, 763 gigabytes (i.e., we managed to use 83% of the disk capacity). In other words, only 17% of the original terabyte went to waste:

$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on rootfs 9.2G 5.6G 3.2G 64% / ... / dev / md0 763G 101G 662G 14% / mnt / ext
A test set of junk movies was uploaded to disk without errors. True, the write speed was low and floated from 6 to 25 megabytes per second. Reading was stable, at a speed of 25-30 mb / s, that is, it was limited by an adapter connected to USB 2.0.

Of course, such a perversion cannot be used to store something important, but it can be useful as entertainment. When there is a question, whether to disassemble the disc on the magnets or first suffer torment, my answer is: "of course, torment!"

The material was prepared jointly with the technical specialists of Launch.RF - you can order inexpensive computer repair from them.

Before looking into the issue of diagnosing and treating faulty areas, let us dwell on the features of the equipment design and the organization of an information storage system on it. The hard disk itself is a collection of rotating magnetic disks, over which heads move to read information.

These heads have the following function. They magnetize the corresponding sections of the hard disk, leaving information on them in the form of zeros and ones. Since the recording process is characterized by a strict order, the information is entered not chaotically, but in certain places, which are called.

If the information is easily readable by the program, then it is in order and functions in accordance with the norms and requirements for the equipment. In the opposite case, when the information resource is unavailable for perception, the sector is considered beaten.

What are the reasons for the formation of such sectors? As a rule, such sections of the hard disk are formed as a result of an improper shutdown of the computer due to the user's fault or an unexpected power outage. Also, the reason lies in mechanical stress, for example, in the impact of a personal computer. Overheating and marriage is another way to get a bad sector.

The presence of such sectors can significantly complicate the work of a computer, and directly affect the efficiency of the system, in the most severe cases, disable the hard disk.

Organization of checking bad sectors

How to identify bad sectors on a hard drive personal computer? In practice, several methods are used. One of them is the use of the free Victoria program developed by Sergey Kazansky, a talented programmer from Belarus.

It is popular with many users and programmers, as it effectively copes with all the tasks assigned to it. Besides DOS versions, Windows versions are available for use. But for the most efficient work, we still recommend using the first option, on the example of which we will consider the features of diagnostics.

The range of functionality of the utility includes:

potential for forming and viewing a summary table of diagnostics of the state of the hard disk of a PC
launching surface scanning and searching for defective, unreadable areas
reanimation of damaged areas
complete hard disk formatting at all levels

Attention! All actions you perform at your own peril and risk, possible loss of information stored on your hard drive during the recovery process.
This program has many possibilities and algorithms for work, this article discusses only a few of them. In addition, there are nuances depending on the manufacturer and model of the HDD.

We save the program to removable media (bootable flash card), and configure the BIOS so that the work with the program is as correct as possible. We enter the BIOS menu and set the SATA mode to IDE value.

The image shows that the menu is set to AHCI mode. With this setting, the program used by us will not be able to diagnose the hard drive. Next, run the Victoria program from a bootable USB flash drive.

We select the IDE channel with which the hard disk of the personal computer works. The procedure is as follows:

on the keyboard in the English layout, press the P key, a window appears with a menu
select the desired channel and press "Enter"

We comply with the following conditions:

the hard disk (HDD) is connected to the SATA port, menu item “Ext. PCI ATA / SATA "
The hard disk drive is characterized by an IDE connector, another option offered by the program

Provided that the configuration of the controller is done correctly, the diagnostic program will display a window with a list of channels. Directly from the keyboard, enter the number of the channel number (in the image it is number three), and press "Enter".

In order to check the correctness of the actions performed, we carry out the following series of manipulations. Press the function key F2. The screen presents service information, which contains information about the model, volume, number and other characteristics of the hard drive. If such information appears, it means that the program has connected to the disk, and everything is done correctly.

Next, we look at the SMART table, if the case is not difficult, then such a table may well provide data on the presence of bad sectors without further scanning. The table can be viewed by pressing the F9 function key.

The main points that are of interest to us more than others are called:

Reallocated sector count
Current pending sectors

The first item contains information about how many sectors are in the backup recovery area. The second item characterizes the number of suspicious sectors; sectors that could not be decrypted when reading the hard disk more often than others.

As the image in the figure demonstrates, the number of restored sectors is 767 units, and the number of problem sectors is 5 units. The information is disappointing, since the volume of problematic components is significant, and such a hard disk will completely fail in the near future. While all the information can still be saved, it is urgent to make a backup and replace the hard drive. Exit to the main menu of the program is carried out by pressing any key on the keyboard.

Ways to recover bad sectors

So, the diagnostics are over, and the utility presented a report on the state of the hard disk of the personal computer. How to recover bad sectors of your hard drive? By and large, this is quite easy to do. An easy option is to activate scanning in automatic recovery mode.

How the restoration takes place, let's look at the essence of the work. The defective areas themselves are divided into two types. The first is when the recorded information is not readable, because there is a discrepancy between the volume of the information field and the total amount of control at the end. As a rule, this happens due to a sudden shutdown of the PC.

In most cases, such sectors are not defective, the process of recording information was simply terminated abruptly, so the final control element is old and not relevant to the current moment. Recovering such a disk is simple - just format it. As a result, you can use it without fear for the quality of work.

The second case is when the sector has mechanical damage in the form of a scratch or demagnetization. The cause of such damage, as a rule, is overheating, less often a blow. It is much more difficult to fix such a sector, but, nevertheless, it is possible. This is done due to the potential of the sector, which is arranged in such a way that the information stored on it occupies only a part of the volume, and the real potential is much larger. The hard disk uses a redirection system, and can quickly overwrite information from areas inaccessible for reading.

Logically, the process looks like this, the recorded information is physically located in a different place, and the path to it remains the same. Naturally, this method slows down the reading process somewhat, but if the number of such sectors is insignificant, then working in this mode is quite acceptable.

Let's turn to the Victoria utility presented here, and its capabilities for reanimating broken disks. Use the F4 function key to call the context menu, and select the "BB: Erase 256 sect" item. Press "Enter" and activate the scan of the hard drive.

The process takes a long time, from half an hour to a couple of hours, so it's best to be patient. As soon as a bad sector is found, the utility will immediately try to format it. Provided that the sector has no mechanical damage, the procedure will be easy and the sector will be suitable for subsequent use.

If the program finds a seriously damaged sector, an error message will appear on the screen.

It is recommended not to stop scanning the hard disk, and even if there are a lot of errors, to complete it. Since there is no guarantee that the sectors of the first type will not appear, and it is irrational to transfer all information from the defective part to the backup area.

Of course, all these manipulations can turn out to be quite difficult for an inexperienced computer user, in which case you can use an alternative option and contact the service http: // run.rf/information/territory/yasenevo/, where professionals will repair your HDD.

The rest of the readers can familiarize themselves with the instructions for transferring unreadable sectors of the hard disk to the backup area.

Function keys F4 call context menu utilities, and select the line with the name "BB: Classic REMAP". Press "Enter".

The process of scanning the surface of the hard disk will start again, but this time the formatting will not occur, each sector that cannot be read and identified will be transferred by the utility to the backup area. It is important to consider the condition of the hard drive and the degree of wear and tear. In critical cases, the backup area may be insufficient, and then the program will not be able to perform the operation. But as the picture below demonstrates, everything went well.

The utility has completed its work. All areas of the hard drive were scanned. Defective sectors of the first and second types were found and put in order. After the whole complex of procedures, the hard disk should be in a satisfactory condition.

For a correct shutdown of the hard disk, you need to additionally diagnose the file system. The task can be realized using special software products. An excellent option is the program " CHKDSK», More details can be found.

Bad sectors on the hard disk

What are bad sectors on a disk? First, let's take a quick look at the organization of storage of information on a hard disk.

A hard disk actually consists of several magnetic disks. Reading magnetic heads move above the rotating discs. When recording, the heads magnetize certain areas of the disc, thereby recording zeros and ones - that is, information. Information is recorded anywhere, but in strictly defined areas of the disk. The disk is divided into tracks, and they, in turn, into sectors. Information is recorded in these sectors.

In some cases, information from a sector on a disk cannot be read. Such a sector is called broken. The reason for the formation of bad sectors can be a sudden power outage during the hard disk write operation, shock during operation, overheating or physical wear and tear. Most often, bad sectors on a hard disk are formed as a result of the first two reasons.

A program for checking the disk and recovering bad sectors Victoria

Victoria is a free program of Belarusian programmer Sergei Kazansky for recovering bad sectors and checking a hard disk. This program also has a Windows version. But I highly recommend using the DOS version for more reliable work with the hard drive. Below you will find instructions on how to work with the DOS version of Victoria.

The Victoria program allows you to view the SMART table of the hard disk, scan the disk surface for bad and hard-to-read sectors, recover bad sectors, and perform a complete erasure of all sectors on the hard disk (low-level formatting). So, to the point!

Checking the disk for bad sectors

Before you start checking and recovering bad sectors of your hard drive, you need to prepare. It is necessary to properly configure the hard disk controller in the BIOS so that the program can work correctly with the hard disk.

It is necessary in the BIOS to set the SATA controller mode to IDE... In AHCI mode, Victoria will not be able to recognize the hard drive and will not be able to work with it.

Now you can boot into DOS using a bootable USB flash drive and start Victoria.

First of all, you need to select the IDE channel with which we will work, that is, to which the tested hard disk is connected.

To do this, press the "P" key (Latin). In the menu that appears, select a channel and press Enter. If your disk is connected to the SATA port, then most likely you need to select the item Ext. PCI ATA / SATA... If your disk has an IDE connector, then choose the port to which it is connected.

If there is a properly configured SATA controller in the BIOS on the motherboard (in IDE mode), the program will display a list of channels. It is necessary to enter from the keyboard the number of the channel to which the tested disk is connected. In our case, this is "3".

Enter the number "3" and press Enter. After the channel has been selected, it is necessary to initialize the hard disk in the program. To do this, press the key F2... The service information of the hard disk (its model, size and other information) will appear on the screen. If this happened, then you did everything right and the program was able to connect to the disk.

Now the first thing to do is to look at the SMART table of the hard drive. In many cases, information from it can clarify the situation even without scanning the surface. To view the SMART disk in Victoria 3.52, press the key F9 .

In the table, we are primarily interested in two points: Reallocated sector count and Current pending sectors ... The first parameter shows the number of sectors transferred to the backup zone (restored or remap), the second parameter shows the number of suspicious sectors, that is, which the hard disk could not read for one reason or another.

As you can see in the figure above, the number of recovered sectors per this disk very large (767). This indicates that the disc is likely to have some kind of surface problem. In addition, SMART also shows the presence of suspicious sectors, which confirms the version that the disk surface is damaged. It is possible that such a disk can be restored, but it is not worth using it in the future. Such a large number of bad sectors means that the disk is no longer reliable. It is better to replace such a disk with a new one and clone the information from the defective disk to it. But first, in any case, you need to try to recover the bad sectors on the hard disk.

Press any key to exit SMART.

Recovering bad sectors of the hard drive

Now let's look at the question of how to recover bad sectors on a disk. Correcting bad sectors is really not a big deal. To begin with, you can simply scan the disk for bad sectors, but we will immediately enable the recovery function.

Now we should say a little about the very mechanism for recovering bad sectors or bad blocks. There are two types of unreadable sectors.

In the first case, the sector cannot be read due to a mismatch between the information recorded in it and the checksum at the end of the sector. This problem can happen if the power is suddenly turned off during the recording process. That is, when the information in the sector managed to be written, but the checksum remained old. Such bad sectors are not inherently defective. It's just that they contain conflicting information that the hard drive cannot recognize. Such bad sectors are treated by erasing information in them and writing new correct checksums. After that, the sector becomes for reading and writing.

In the second case, there is a physical damage to the sector (demagnetization, scratching, etc.). Such a defect may occur, for example, due to a shock or overheating of the hard disk during operation. In this case, the process of fixing bad sectors is more complicated. Each disk has a spare unused area. That is, any disk actually has a slightly larger volume than is actually used. This area is used to redirect unreadable sectors to it. The new physical address is entered into the disk table in the spare area for the defective sector. The logical address remains the same. That is, the sector, as it were, remains the same, but in reality it is located in a different place (remap). This approach, of course, reduces the read and write speed in the area of the disk with the transferred sector, since the magnetic heads have to move to the end of the disk (to the spare area) when accessing the forwarded sector. But this approach pays off with a small number of forwarded sectors and the data processing speed decreases slightly.

Recovering broken sectors using Victoria 3.52

Now let's put the theory into practice. Press the key to bring up the check disc menu. F4... In the dialog box that appears, move the cursor to the item for selecting actions with unreadable sectors and the cursor on the keyboard, scrolling to the right or left, select the item BB: Erase 256 sect, as it shown on the picture. Now press Enter and the process of scanning the disk surface for bad blocks will start. The process is quite long. If you want to interrupt the scanning process, press Esc on your keyboard.

If a bad sector is found, the program will try to erase it. If the sector is physically healthy, then this attempt will be successful. There will be no information left in the sector, but it will be possible to use it in the future. Don't worry too much about the information. If the sector is not readable, then it will practically not be possible to extract it from there, so when erasing the sector, no additional information is lost. If the sector is not readable due to a physical disk defect, then the attempt to erase the unreadable sector will fail and an error will be reported, as in the figure below.

Even if the process of erasing sectors ends with an error, I recommend not to stop scanning, since the disk may contain bad sectors of both the first and second options. And if a bad sector can be restored by erasing, then it is better to do so than to transfer it to the spare area (which is quite limited).

If it was not possible to recover the bad sectors by erasing, then you should try to transfer the unreadable sectors to the spare area (remapping). Press the key F4... This time, use the arrows to select BB: Classic REMAP, as it shown on the picture. Then press Enter. The scanning process will start again. But this time, when a bad sector is detected, the Victoria program will try to redirect and transfer the bad block to the backup area. On some disks, the spare area is very small, so if it runs out of space, the attempt will fail. In our case, everything went well (picture below).

Bad sectors on the hard disk have been successfully recovered. Now you need to check the file system for errors (for example, through ERD Commander utility chkdsk or by booting into Windows, if possible) or format the disk. After that, you can continue to use the hard disk without any problems.

Broken sectors how to treat. How to fix bad HDD sectors and recover lost data